Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting reproductive-aged women around the world. While it often impacts overall well-being, many are introduced to PCOS through its connection to fertility challenges. Infertility specialists play a central role in helping individuals and couples not only manage this condition but also understand its implications on fertility and reproductive health.
What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
PCOS is a hormone-related condition. Women with PCOS often produce higher-than-average levels of androgens, commonly referred to as “male hormones.” This imbalance can disrupt normal ovulation, leading to irregular or absent menstrual cycles and difficulties with conception. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, which can affect metabolic health. The term “polycystic” refers to follicles that may develop on the ovaries of individuals with this condition. These follicles, while visible on ultrasound imaging, do not always indicate functional cysts or other complications.
The symptoms of PCOS vary widely from person to person, but some of the most reported include:
- Irregular menstrual cycles or absence of periods
- Excess body or facial hair (hirsutism)
- Acne or oily skin
- Thinning hair or hair loss from the scalp
- Difficulty maintaining a healthy weight
- Darkened skin patches, particularly around the neck, groin, or under the breasts
Diagnosis generally requires a medical professional to assess physical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory results. Not all individuals with PCOS will experience every symptom.
How Does PCOS Affect Fertility?
One of the hallmarks of PCOS is the absence of ovulation. Ovulation is a necessary part of the natural reproductive process. It is the time when a mature egg is released for fertilization. When ovulation is irregular or absent, as it often is in PCOS, the chances of achieving pregnancy decrease.
Challenges with Ovulation
High androgen levels and insulin resistance present in PCOS may disrupt hormonal signaling pathways responsible for ovulation. For individuals trying to conceive, these irregularities can pose significant challenges. The presence of multiple immature follicles on the ovaries, as well as more generalized effects of hormonal imbalance, can complicate the process further.
Increased Risk of Miscarriage
Although research is ongoing, PCOS may contribute to an increased risk of miscarriage. Factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalances could play a role in this association. Monitoring and treating underlying factors often help address these risks.
How May Infertility Specialists Treat PCOS?
An infertility specialist works closely with their patients to tailor treatment strategies based on individual health, fertility goals, and responses to treatment. While the approach will differ from one person to another, some treatment avenues commonly focus on managing symptoms, stimulating ovulation, and supporting reproductive health.
Weight Management and Lifestyle Modifications
Maintaining a healthy weight and making specific lifestyle changes can positively impact hormonal balance and improve ovulation for many individuals with PCOS. Specialists often suggest regular physical activity and a nutrient-rich diet that prioritizes blood sugar stability. For those experiencing insulin resistance, even modest weight loss can restore ovulation in some cases.
Medications to Induce Ovulation
When ovulation remains irregular, infertility specialists may recommend medications such as ovulation-inducing medications or hormone treatments. Regular monitoring through blood tests and ultrasounds accompanies these treatments to track progress and response.
When to Seek Treatment
It is not uncommon for people with PCOS to delay seeking help, sometimes attributing symptoms to general health fluctuations or finding ways to adapt to irregular cycles. Early intervention provides opportunities to address symptoms, improve overall health, and explore fertility goals before additional complications arise. If you are experiencing irregular periods or difficulty conceiving, reaching out to an infertility specialist can provide valuable insight.